From Individualism to Unionism The Changing Meaning of...

From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America In 1893, when Frederick Jackson Turner delivered his speech on the significance of frontier at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he was addressing an audience that had witnessed the drastic changes that swept through the country over the past sixty or so years. The United States had gone from the agrarian nation of Jefferson’s vision—one with a relatively balanced division of wealth, a population of homogenous skilled workers, and a narrow definition of equality based on a broad definition of freedom—to the highly industrialized urban nation glorified by the World’s Fair itself—one of polarized wealth, vast and increasing numbers of unassimilated,†¦show more content†¦As long as such equality existed, as it did throughout pre-industrialized America, the conception of the government as a tyranny waiting to flex its muscle if given wide enough berth, and of freedom as being enjoyed by those not under the government’s direct control, remained. As the American economy shifted more heavily towards manufacture, however, and less cheap land was available in the territories for those objecting to wage labor to seek their fortunes, the wealth that Tocqueville required to be distributed evenly for democratic freedom became increasingly polarized in the hands of a few. With this shift came a parallel change in the concept of freedom, with the government coming to be viewed as a protector of class interests, and the meaning of freedom itself becoming tied up with financial solvency rather than ideas of political liberty. At the time of Tocqueville’s writing, during and immediately after the Jacksonian era, the national economy was still largely agriculture-based, and federal intervention in national economic matters was fiercely debated for the possible threat it posed to the â€Å"common man† that Jackson had enfranchised to protect. The controversy over the 1828 protective tariff brought that debate to a head. Calhoun, onShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Decline of Unions2806 Words   |  12 Pages density collapse, weaken bargaining power, and the lost of prominence and place in polity. Analyses of trade unionism in the literature for some 20 years now have commonly referring to a crisis of trade unionism. Most authors puts it ‘unions under siege’, ‘stagnant and declining’, and ‘experiencing near death’. Touraine (1986, p. 157) for one has argued that ‘movements such as unionism have a life history: infancy, youth, maturity, old age and death. ’ Whereas, Metcalf (2005, p. 28) in his analysisRead MoreHrm in Japan, Usa and Europe9900 Words   |  40 PagesINTRODUCTION The concept of human resource management has attracted considerable attention over the last two decades from scholars and practitioners alike. 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